Maxilla (processes)
上颌骨（突）
Each maxilla is composed of five parts. Besides the central part known as the body, the maxilla has the following four processes:
每个上颌骨由五部分组成。除了中央部分（称为体部）外，上颌骨还有以下四个突：
Frontal process
额突
Zygomatic process
颧突
Palatine process
腭突
Alveolar process
齿槽突
Frontal process
额突
The frontal process is a vertical extension of the maxilla that projects upward, medially and slightly backward. It is positioned between the nasal and lacrimal bones and contributes to the formation of the lacrimal fossa. As the name suggests, it also articulates with the frontal bone. Besides the mentioned bones, the frontal process also connects with the ethmoid.
额突 是上颌骨的垂直延伸，向上、向内和略微向后突出。它位于鼻骨和泪骨之间，有助于泪窝的形成。顾名思义，它也与额骨相连。除了上述骨骼外，额突还与筛骨相连。
The frontal process of the maxilla features the following landmarks:
上颌骨的额突具有以下标志：
*Anterior lacrimal crest - a vertical ridge that is found on the lateral aspect of this process; it limits the lacrimal groove anteriorly and continues as the infraorbital margin in the lateral direction;
前泪嵴 - 位于该突起外侧的垂直脊；它向前限制泪沟，并在横向延续为眶下缘；
*Ethmoidal crest - a short obliquely-oriented ridge that is found on the medial aspect of the frontal process going more or less parallel to the conchal crest; it articulates with the ethmoid;
筛骨嵴 - 位于额突内侧的一条短而斜向的脊，与耳甲嵴大致平行；它与筛骨相连；
*Lacrimal notch - an indentation that defines the superior border of the lacrimal groove; it is found in the posterolateral aspect of this process.
泪小切迹 - 定义泪沟上边界的凹痕；位于该突起的后外侧。
Zygomatic process
颧突
The zygomatic process is the short lateral extension of the maxilla that articulates with the zygomatic bone. The orbital, infratemporal and anterior surfaces of the body meet at the zygomatic process.
颧突是上颌骨的短侧向延伸部分，与颧骨相连。颧骨体的眶面、颞下面和前表面在颧突处相接。
Palatine process
腭突
The palatine process (palatal process) is a thick, horizontally oriented medial extension of the maxilla. It is shaped like a horizontal plate and forms the anterior three-quarters of the hard palate. Therefore, this process contributes to the formation of the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity. It features the following landmarks:
腭突（腭突）是上颌骨向内延伸的厚而水平的部位。它的形状像一块水平板，构成硬腭的前四分之三。因此，该突起有助于形成口腔顶部和鼻腔底部。它具有以下标志：
*Nasal crest - a sagitally-oriented ridge that forms from the fusion of both maxillae; it is found on the superior aspect of the palatine process, and it extends into the nasal cavity and articulates with the vomer;
鼻嵴 - 由两个上颌骨融合形成的沿矢状方向的脊；位于腭突的上方，延伸到鼻腔并与犁骨相连；
*Incisive foramen - opening that is found on the inferior aspect of the palatine process at the anterior end of the medial border posterior to the medial incisors; the incisive foramen leads to two lateral incisive canals that transmit the nasopalatine nerves, sphenopalatine arteries and the terminal branches of the greater palatine arteries; the incisive canals connect the nasal and oral cavities;
门牙孔（切牙孔） - 位于内侧门牙后方内侧缘前端腭突下侧的开口；门牙孔通向两个侧门牙管，这些门牙管传输鼻腭神经、蝶腭动脉和大腭动脉的末端分支；门牙管连接鼻腔和口腔；
*Palatine grooves - numerous shallow grooves that are found on the inferior surface of the palatine process;
腭沟 - 位于腭突下表面的众多浅沟；
*Palatine spines - small bony prominences that are found between the palatine grooves.
腭棘 - 位于腭沟之间的小骨突。
Alveolar process
齿槽突
The alveolar process is the inferior horseshoe-shaped extension of the maxilla. It forms the maxillary dental arch and houses the maxillary teeth (the lower jaw or mandible also has an alveolar process).
齿槽突是上颌骨下方的马蹄形延伸部分。它构成上颌牙弓并容纳上颌牙齿（下颌或下颌骨也有齿槽突）。
The curved free inferior margin of the alveolar process is called the alveolar arch. It features the following landmarks:
*Dental alveolus - eight sockets or cavities that house the roots of the teeth; their dimensions and structures vary depending on the teeth type;
牙槽（牙槽窝） - 容纳牙根的八个窝洞或空腔；其尺寸和结构因牙齿类型而异；
*Interalveolar septum - a bony ridge between adjacent dental alveoli;
牙槽间隔 - 相邻牙槽之间的骨质脊；
*Interradicular septum - a bony ridge that forms compartments within one dental alveolus; within those compartments lie the roots of the particular tooth;
根间（间）隔 - 在一个牙槽内形成隔间的骨性脊；特定牙齿的根部位于这些隔间内；
*Alveolar yoke - bony eminence on the outer surface of the alveolar process; they are produced by the projections of the dental alveoli and the roots of the teeth.
齿槽嵴 - 牙槽突外表面的骨性隆起；它们是由牙槽和牙根的突起产生的。